William Shakespeare’s Sonnet No. 60 (Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore): Time’s Destruction is Inevitable, The Verse Will Get Away With It


SONNET 60

Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend. 

Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd,
Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight,
And Time that gave doth now his gift confound.

Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth,
And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow:

   And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
   Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.

This is one of the most famous of the William Shakespeare’s sonnets and perhaps the best illustration of the theme of the ravages of time. Each quatrain engages the theme in a unique way, with the destructive force of time redoubling with each successive line. Although the poet seems certain that Time’s destruction is inevitable, he is none the less hopeful that his verse will get away with it in the end.

Ben Jonson: English Dramatist and Poet of Classical Learning, Gift for Satire, and Brilliant Style made him one of the Great Figures of English Literature



 
When first he threw in his lot with the playwrights, Ben Jonson frankly followed the current demand for romantic drama, showing no small skill in adopting the full – blooded romantic manner. Even here, in the early years of apprenticeship, he displayed vigorous power of imagination; but romantic drama was not characteristically expressive of the man’s personality. After his dismissal by the theatrical manager, Henslowe, a rival manager – William Shakespeare – came forward and helped him to put on his comedy, Every Man in His Humour. It was performed in 1598 by the Lord Chamberlain's Company with William Shakespeare in the cast.   Here Jonson for the first time struck the anti – romantic note, and sought to establish a satirical comedy of manners framed in a definite plan. He saw clearly enough that despite the splendid, exuberant power of the Shakespearean drama, there was no underlying theory or convention, and that its tendency to guide and control.

In the prologue to Every Man in His Humour (1599), Jonson puts forward his plan of reform, clouting to “sport with human follies, not with crimes”. The word “humour”, as used by Jonson, implied some oddity of disposition, especially with regard to the manners of the day. Jonson had invented a kind of topical comedy involving eccentric characters, each of whom represented a temperament, or humor, of humanity. Here is the same care for clearness and definition are observed; but the moral aim of the satirist is somewhat too obvious; and the machinery creaks at times rather painfully. 

Ben Jonson
Jonson’s comedies, such as Cynthia's Revels (1600) and The Poetaster (1601 satirized other writers, especially the English dramatists Thomas Dekker and John Marston. The writers patched their public feuding; in 1604 Jonson collaborated with Dekker on The King's Entertainment and with Marston and George Chapman on Eastward Ho in 1605. When Marston and Chapman were imprisoned for some of the views espoused in Eastward Ho, Jonson voluntarily joined them.

  Jonson continued to write for the commercial theater along with writing for the court. During this period he produced two historical tragedies, Sejanus (1603) and Catiline (1611), and the four brilliant comedies upon which his reputation as a playwright primarily rests: Volpone (1606), Epicene, or the Silent Woman (1609), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614). The best is Volpone which is a comical and sarcastic portrait of a wealthy but selfish old man who keeps his greedy would-be heirs hanging on his wishes, each thinking that he will inherit Volpone's wealth. Volpone is no common miser, he glories less in the hoarding of his treasure than in its acquisition; and he revels in the hypocrisies of those who are ever ready to fawn upon the rich man, fooling them to the top of the their bent. The play is extraordinarily claver, and brilliantly constructed. Its defects lie in certain hardness, and in lack of humanity.

Jonson sought to advance English drama as a form of literature, attempting to make it a conscious art through adherence to classical forms and rules.his is the plays more   “correct”—that is, they are more carefully patterned after the drama scheme of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. He protested particularly against the mixing of tragedy and comedy and was an effective advocate of the principles of drama established by Aristotle, which he praised at the expense of the flexibility and improvisational qualities of dramatists such as Shakespeare. However, only later did critics begin to prefer the deeper genius of writer and to realize that mechanical “correctness” is not the highest aim of a play or poem.

Key Points:

  • Ben Jonson was an English dramatist and poet of classical learning, gift for satire, and brilliant style.
  • He was one of the most important figures in the development of English drama, and his plays are still performed today.
  • His best-known plays include Volpone, The Alchemist, and Bartholomew Fair.
  • He was also a gifted poet, and his verse is characterized by its wit, satire, and learning.
  • Jonson was a controversial figure, but he was also one of the most respected writers of his time.
  • Jonson was a classicist, and his plays are often based on classical themes and stories.
  • He was also a satirist, and his plays often use satire to criticize the follies of society.
  • Jonson was a master of language, and his plays are full of wit and wordplay.
  • He was a prolific writer, and he produced a wide range of work, including plays, poems, masques, and translations.

Ref: 1. History of English Literature- Albert
      2. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature
      3. Encerta

Comparative Study of Spenser's Amoretti ( Sonnet No. 75) and Sidney’s Astrphel and Stella ( Sonnet No.1)



Even though the Spenserian Sonnet Sequence of Amoretti parallels the contemporary sequences like Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella, Daniel's Delia, Drayton’s Idea, and Shakespeare's sonnets, it is unique in the realm of love-sonnets by the virtue of its dramatic lyrics. 

In fact, both Spenser's "Amoretti Sonnet 75" and Sidney's "Astrophel and Stella Sonnet 1" deal with themes of love and its challenges, but they approach these themes differently. Spenser's sonnet emphasizes the impermanence of love and life through vivid imagery, while Sidney's sonnet highlights the poet's personal struggle to find the right words to express his love for Stella. Each sonnet offers a unique perspective on the complexities of human emotion and the art of poetry.

Sonnet No.75 (One day I wrote her name upon the strand) of Amoretti not only presents the dramatic background for the intensely personal colloquy between the lover and the beloved, but it seems to be even a reenactment of the eternal drama of mortality and immortality. 

The first quatrain presents the lover attempt to eternize his beloved’s name on the sea-shore, the second the lady’s virgins opposition since she feels instead that she cannot be eternized by a mere physical etching; and finally  the poet lover's declaration that the extermination of his beloved would proceed naturally from time's point of view but his poetry enliven their token of love forever.
              “Vayne man”, sayd she,“that doest in vaine assay,
            A mortall thing so to unmortalize,
            For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,
            And eek my name bee wiped out likewise”.

He entertains the life from art rather than materialistic . Here, however, Spenser’s virtuosity lies in rendering the lyric into dramatic, something which almost no other sonneteer have even attempted, or even if attempted, achieved with least success. The abrupt beginning, the conversational tone and the vigorous exchange transform the sonnet in to a miniature drama.  
               “My verse your virtues rare shall eternize”.
            And in the heavens wryte your glorious name.
            Where when as death shall all the world subdew,
            Our love shall live, and later life renew”.

Sonnet No.1 of Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella skills a poem which almost is an ‘inspiration’ in an epic, presents the poets problem as a lover. An ordinary man would have angrily waxed alone about his love being a poet.  "Loving In Truth" by Sir Phillip Sidney can hardly avoid discussing, In "Loving In Truth," here is the challenge of writing an romantic love  poem but also   the   hurdle for Sidney  in  writing  so.

Sidney must also consider the problem of poetic expression. The poet as lover sent to search the appropriate poetic medium for the amorous intend of his heart and as a poet-lover he is aware that the conventional Patrarchan mode would be inappropriate is this case. 
“Oft turning others’ leaves, to see if thence would flow
Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburned brain.
 But words came halting forth, wanting Invention’s stay;”

Through the course of his poem he would realign the most efficacious means of acquiring a love-mate's unique and individual love, and therefore demands the true voice of keeling or Spontaneous lyricism weaning from the heart. Sidney’s poem is in many may distinct from art of Petrarch. Thus his poem is an origin text about the notion of originality in love poetry.

The Poems:

Spenser's "Amoretti Sonnet 75":

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
But came the waves and washed it away:
Again I wrote it with a second hand,
But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.
"Vain man," said she, "that dost in vain assay
A mortal thing so to immortalize;
For I myself shall like to this decay,
And eke my name be wiped out likewise."

"Not so," (quod I) "let baser things devise
To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:
My verse your vertues rare shall eternize,
And in the heavens write your glorious name:
Where whenas death shall all the world subdue,
Our love shall live, and later life renew."

Sidney's "Astrophel and Stella Sonnet 1":

Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,
That she (dear She) might take some pleasure of my pain:
Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,
Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain;
I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe,
Studying inventions fine, her wits to entertain;
Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow
Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sun-burn'd brain.

But words came halting forth, wanting Invention's stay,
Invention, Nature's child, fled step-dame Study's blows,
And others' feet still seem'd but strangers in my way.
Thus, great with child to speak, and helpless in my throes,
Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite,
"Fool," said my Muse to me, "look in thy heart and write."

Key Notes: 

Comparative Analysis:

1. Theme:
Spenser's Sonnet 75: The theme of this sonnet is the impermanence of earthly things, including love and one's own mortality.
Sidney's Sonnet 1: The theme here is the poet's struggle to express his love for Stella, his muse, and the idea of seeking inspiration from his own emotions.

2. Imagery:
Spenser uses the image of writing his beloved's name on the sand and the waves washing it away to symbolize the transient nature of love and life.
Sidney uses the imagery of a pregnant woman struggling to give birth to words, highlighting the difficulty of expressing his feelings and the frustration he experiences.

3. Addressing the Beloved:
In Spenser's sonnet, the beloved is addressed in the third person, emphasizing the inevitability of her name fading away.
Sidney's sonnet is a more direct address to his beloved, Stella, using endearing terms like "dear She," which emphasizes his personal connection and longing.

4. Tone:
Spenser's tone is somewhat melancholic, accepting the transient nature of love.
Sidney's tone is a mix of frustration and determination, as he struggles to find the right words to express his love.

5. Perspective:
Spenser's sonnet is from the perspective of the poet himself, contemplating the fate of his written words and his beloved's name.
Sidney's sonnet is also from the poet's perspective but focuses on his internal struggle to convey his emotions.

Ardhendu De

References:

Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti and Epithalamion : a critical edition : Spenser, Edmund, 1552?-1599 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/edmundspensersam00spenuoft

Philip Sidney - Wikipedia. (2011, October 29). Philip Sidney - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 (Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?) - Fair Lord’s Timeless Beauty


SONNET 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;


But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee. 

 William Shakespeare’s sonnets are grouped in a rough pattern, loosely linked by subject matter, stylistic device, or theme. The first 126 sonnets are addressed to the young nobleman. In the first 17 sonnets the poet urges the young man to marry and beget children, since his youth will fade.However, William Shakespeare’s Sonnet No. 18  is arguably the most famous of the sonnets, its opening line competitive with “Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” in the long list of Shakespeare’s quotable quotations. And the gender of the addressee is not explicit, but this is the first sonnet after the so-called “procreation sonnets” (sonnet 1-17), i.e., it apparently marks the place where the poet has abandoned his earlier push to persuade the fair lord to have a child. The first two quatrains focus on the fair lord’s beauty: the poet attempts to compare it to a summer’s day, but shows that there can be no such comparison, since the fair lord’s timeless beauty far surpasses that of the fleeting, inconstant season.

Here the theme of the ravages of time again predominates; we see it especially in line 7, where the poet speaks of the inevitable mortality of beauty: “And every fair from fair sometime declines.” But the fair lord’s is of another sort, for it “shall not fade” – the poet eternalizing the fair lord’s beauty in his verse, in these “eternal lines”. Note the financial imagery (“summer’s lease”) and the use of anaphora (the repetition of opening words) in lines 6-7, 10-11, and 13-14. Also note that May (line 3) was an early summer month in Shakespeare’s time, because’ England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752.

The poet describes summer as a season of extremes and disappointments. He begins in lines 3-4, where “rough winds” are an unwelcome extreme and the shortness of summer is its disappointment. He continues in lines 5-6, where he lingers on the imperfections of the summer sun. Here again we find an extreme and a disappointment: the sun is sometimes far too hot, while at other times its “gold complexion” is dimmed by passing clouds. These imperfections contrast sharply with the poet’s description of the fair lord, who is “more temperate” (not extreme) and whose “eternal summer shall not fade” (i.e., will not become a disappointment) thanks to what the poet proposes in line 12.

William Shakespeare
In line 12 of  Sonnet No. 18 we find the poet’s solution – how he intends to eternalize the fair lord’s beauty despite his refusal to have a child. The poet plans to capture the fair lord’s beauty in his verse (“eternal lines”), which he believes will withstand the ravages of time. Thereby the fair lord’s “eternal summer shall not fade” and the poet will have gotten his wish. Here we see the poet’s use of summer as a metaphor for youth, or perhaps beauty, or perhaps the beauty of youth.

But has the poet really abandoned the idea of encouraging the fair lord to have a child? Some scholars suggest that the “eternal lines” in line 12 have a double meaning: the fair lord’s beauty can live on not only in the written lines of the poet’s verse but also in the family lines of the fair lord’s progeny. Such an interpretation would echo the sentiment of the preceding sonnet’s closing couplet: “But were some child of tours alive that time/you should live twice; in it and in my rhyme.” 

The use of “growest” also implies an increasing or changing: we can envision the fair lord’s family lines growing over time, yet this image is not as readily applicable to the lines of the poet’s verse – unless it refers only to his intention to continue writing about the fair lord’s beauty, his verse thereby “growing.” On the other hand, line 14 seems to counter this interpretation, the singular “this” (as opposed to “these”) having as its most likely antecedent the poet’s verse, and nothing more.

Key Points Discussed

👉Comparing the beauty of the subject to a summer's day
👉Acknowledging that a summer's day is temporary and subject to change
👉Asserting that the subject's beauty will surpass the fleeting nature of a summer's day
👉Expressing the power of poetry and how it can preserve the subject's beauty
👉Highlighting the immortality achieved through the written word
👉Implying that the subject's beauty will be remembered and celebrated through the poem


 Ref: 
1.A Companion to Shakespeare Studies : H et al Granville-Barker : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/companiontoshake0000heta

2.William Shakespeare : the poems : Prince, F. T. (Frank Templeton), 1912- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000prin

3. William Shakespeare : the poems : Prince, F. T. (Frank Templeton), 1912- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000prin

4. Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 110 : Criticism of William Shakespeare’s Plays and Poetry, from the First Published Appraisals of Current Evaluations : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/shakespeareancri0000unse_f6s8

5. The complete works of William Shakespeare, with a full and comprehensive life; a history of the early drama; an introduction to each play; the readings of former editions; glossarial and other notes, etc., etc., from the work of Collier, Knight, Dyce, Douce, Halliwell, Hunter, Richardson, Verplanck, and Hudson. Edited by George Long Duyckinck : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/completeworksofw00shakuoft

Model English Note -7 for PGT , TGT and Other Competitive Examinations



Difficulty Level:  Graduation     Time: 2hr
Each Question: Word Limit: 30  

1. What is the called pantheism?                                                                                             
 Ans- The concept that everything is God or mature is God. In Christian terms this was somewhat flawed if not heretical. Such is the Wordsworthian view that nature is spiritually felt and transmuted. His views evolved  and changed but they fundamentally saw a supernal element in nature.
2. Which is the called a ‘succession of’ hungry generation’ in Nightingale’s why? 
                                                                         
Ans- Keats observe a pessimistic outlook in his Nightingale. The transitory world is an inadequate place to live-in. The very helm of our existence is hunted by loss, decay and detrimentality. Such is the case with human life which is affected by pains. Keats means this world by the quoted phrase.
3. As lumber did my spirit seal-what is the reason behind the poet’s slumber? 
                                                      
Ans- Lucy’s presence in the poet’s life has engrossed him so much so that he has lost him selfontrol and has imbedded through the mysterious and impulsive power of the lady. A slumber is a state of total surrender of self in the benevolent power of Lucy.
4. The wild swans at cooled ends with a note of fear-What is it and why does the poet think so? 
                                
Ans-Yeats concludes his lyric by saying that the beauty of the swans, with its mystery and passions might not be seen in future. what he fears is that he might be burden of  the eye for such a beautiful sight. He might  loss the vision as a result of it.
5. What might be the reasons of the travel lees arrival at the haunted house? 
                                                                  
Ans- The traveler has an appointment with somebody at this place and at this stipulated time. But such a place of supernatural powers and the imams vicious time indicates that the invitee as well as traveler are placed deliberately in such a condition to meet the unseen third persons-the weird aspects.
6. To what does Ulysses refer when he speaks of the ‘Happy Isles’?                                                                           
Ans-Addressing his mariners, Ulysses bids farther brave the world with indomitable spirit, dignity and velour. By the journey made, he might roach the shore of Happy Isle-a remote island of the Vilest, indentified with the Elysian Fields as the abode of the us at men after death. BY him brave uncanny journey he might reach the reign of death and meet great Greek heroes like Achilles.

7. Why do Della and Jim sacrifice their valuable posse ion on the Christmas eve? 
                                                    
Ans- Both Della and Jim have their excessive pride after locks and golden watch respectively. Owing to their love to each other and presenting most valuable gifts to one another, they sacrifice their worthy possession on the Christmas Eve.
8. What is the meaning of ‘reverie’? How is it contrasted with realities in Lambs essay? 
                                      
Ans- Reverie means day dreaming. Lamb in his Dream Children is lost in pleasant thoughts of family life which he is lacking. The pleasant thoughts of children around with wife- the desired fascination are a pleasurable account of family life. But everything is contrasted with  his reality of bachelorhood.
9. How is the Arsat’s  philosophy conclusion of life after his mistress’s death? 
                                                   
Ans- Arsat’s after his mistress sad demise, turns philosophic in stating the existence of life a paradox. Life it self a note of dilemma with remorse, retribution and disillusionment. We are fated thus to live in the paradox, pine for it and losing it to suffer perpetually.
10. What might be the possible reasons behind Wilson’s true of a lotus eater?
Ans-The scenic beauty of Capri right be the instant reason behind Oil son’s off turn decision. But apart from the oblivious force of beauty is Capri, Wilson’s personal life was torn by despondency. Wilson’s wife died of bronchial pneumonia, and his daughter also died later. So, being shun of reactions, his is the lonely man without any dependent.
11. Who are the contrasting characters in Arms and The Man? 
                                                                                   
Ans- Contrasted in the play of show serves vital role in the in the creation of wit and humor. I n the same way in Arms and The Man Captain Bluntschli, a brilliant heroic figure is contrasted with romantic fool, series saran off. Raina, an apostle of higher love is placed in sharp contrast with Louka, a servant girl of practical approach to life. Show here successes in making his viewer and readers laugh through his buffoon like characters.
12. Wright a short note on Mrs.Hardcastle’s role in the play.  
                                                                                  
Ans-Mrs. Hardcastle is a facsimile of Mrs. Primers. She is fond of son as Mrs. Primrose is of her daughter.  She has a mean covetousness for the jewels of her niece Infect, she wants them for her son. With her wryness Mrs. Hardcastle has one element of strength, her love for her son, for whom she wishes to die.
13.What purpose is served by the white man in The Lagoon?   
                                                                                      
Ans- Alike choric character, the white man in the story is an objective observer who is the passive listener of the Arsat’s life-story. He is farther a foil to that of Arsat in its placing self control. His is a shadow of Conrad, a cosmopolitan with a love and sympathy for the oppressed rude uncivilized yet simple Malay.
14. How will you describe simple present tense to a student? 
                                                                                   
Ans-I will tell the students that the simple present is used to describe the characteristic activity of someone or something in P.T. I t can also describe the structure I will present the graph: sb+vb+obj. I will farther mention that only in the case of third person singular number of the subject the verb carries’ or es’ as its ending.
15. Give the meaning of the following words and use them in sentence: Sporting, sportive. 
                                     
Ans- ‘Sporting means competed with games.   Exp- Every student participated in the annual sporting event of the college.
    While the word ‘sportive’ means sprightly:  Exp- The little puppy was very sportive.
16. Use the Following words both as noun and verb: guide, charm.
Ans- Guide: 1. Mr. Kasapi works as a tourist guide in Pure.(n)  2. Parents should guide their children properly.(vb)
Chagrin: The charms of Simla’s scenic beauty impresses all visitors.(n)  2. The singer charmed the audiences by her melody.(vb)
17. What are the different usage of the verb-‘raise’ &’rise’? 
                                                                                      
Ans- ‘Raise’ is a verb that must have an object and ‘rise’ is used without an object. When we ‘raise’ something, we lift into a higher position or increase it. Exp- We was forced to raise the price.
     When people or things ‘rise’, they move from the lover to a higher position. Exp- She rose from the chair. ‘Rise’ can also mean to increase in number or quantity.  Exp- cost are always rising.
18. Rewrite the following sentences removing the errors if any.                                                                      
(a) English as well as Hindi are mediums of higher education in this state. (b) Sixty miles are a long distance.                                                                                                                                                                      
Ans-  (a) English as well as Hindi is medium of higher education in this state. (b) Sixty miles is a long distance.
19. Do it as directed:    (a) we were let go. (Change in to active voice) (b) He has sleeping-one o’clock. ( use correct preposition) 
                                                                                                                                             
Ans- ((a) Let us ago.  (b) He has been sleeping since one o’clock.
20. Wright a short para on ‘the profession of teaching’. 
                                                                                                
Ans- Teaching has been considered the noblest profession in the world. We have highest evolved personalities and they keep their knowledge constantly updated. Teachers not only impart the knowledge of the subjects    to the pupils but also shape their values and personality; their influence is perennial.
21. Use the quoted phrasal verbs in the sentences: broke off, took off
Ans- Broken off: (a) The relationship between the two friends broke off in the end. (b) The bond of love broke off as the dark cloud o mistrust penefrated through them. 
                                                                         
Took off: (a) He took off his hat as a mark of respect of the priest.  (b) They took off the nature of prudency to turn savage.
22. Comment on Brownian’s psychological realism as you find The Rats Ride Together. 
                                    
Ans- Browning in his ‘psychoanalysis’ or ‘soul dissection’ riches the core of the human mind. Like the modern impressionist writers he is in  deep search of the rich imprints of his characters. Through self introspection and minute self and yeses the lover in The Last Ride To gather true  states his thought process, his optimistic observation and his visionary ideals. The Lover is a great character steely and psychological realism of Browning.
23. Elucidate ‘viewless wings ofpoetry’.                                                                                                                 
Ans- By the phrase Keats defines the invisible wings of poetry i.e the poetry imagination. Keats wishes to enter in to the Nightingales world of joyance through his faculty of poetic creativity. Only through art and imagination he can enter in to the world nonce relinquishing transitory world.
24.’Through granites which titanic wars had groned’- explain 'titanic war’.
                                                                               
Ans- Titanic means the war between tiaras and gods as we find it in my theology. In context to the poem it refers Great War where heavy casualties are sustained.
         The world ‘groaned’ is an euphemistic denoting two inter setting vaults meeting in vaulted roof.
        The whole expression implies the suffering of the soldiers and their passage from the mundane world to the hell of suffering through war.
25. The tangled bine- stems scored the sky Like string of broken lyres- Bring out the comparison. 
                             
Ans- The poet here drams a perfect image to define the desolate state of his being. The tangled stems of broken lyre. The tangled stems of creepers look like twisted cords of a lyre. As a broken lyre can nay produce music, the desolate winter and the poet’s subsequent dejection cannot be romantic.
26. How does the poet describe the autumnal landscape in The Wild Swans At coole? 
                                                 
Ans- The Wild Swans At cooled is a nature poem where the poet reffects his memorable association with the swans. The autumn has been beautifully painted in this poem. The autumnal threes are bare or yellow. The forest paths are dry. As there is mowing blowing, the rosy twilight is reflected on the mirror still water of the lake. The swans are seated on the Peeblesshire of the brimmed lake. The whole scene is thus a pictorial excellence.
27. What is the dramatic characterization presented in Dream Children; A reverie? 
                                                
Ans- Lamb’s characters are always full of Witt delicacy and it properly brought out and marshaled would do the honor to the stage. In Dream Children we find beautiful sketches Of Mrs. Lamb, John Lamb and Ann Simmons. With the sweet narration he delineates there characters in a harmourized scan. His dream children are also so vivid  a portrayal. But besides this power of characterization, a certain dramatic effect is produced by the flexibility of his descriptive style, as may be seen in the rapid changes of his description in Dram Children.

28. What does Hill advise on the presentation in a good Writing?
                                                                       
 Ans- Hill points out ‘presentation’ as a very important part in a good writhing. A good writhing must carry an interesting topic. It will start with a clear opening paragraph highlighting the point of speaking in logical pattern. In the main body the ideas and points are to be elaborated. The last-part must be a satisfying end with neat, clear and comprehensive arguments so that the readers must get satisfied at the end.

29. “A narrow shave; but a miss is as good as a mile” Who says this? What does this mean?

Ans- Bluntschli says this when the Bulgaria an officer just missed discovering him in Raina’s room.
  In expressing relief Bluntschli says that his is an escape by narrowest margin .Again he quotes an English proverb- a miss is as good as a mile- meaning not reached there is no consolation in knowing that it is the ultimate happy news for him.
30. Comment on the judge’s view in justice: The law is what it is – a majestic edifice, sheltering all of us, each store of which rests on another.  
                                                                                                                        
 Ans- The judge in justices is conservative orthodox and pragmatic in his view to morality and law. He says that law is a magmficient building which is erected by civilized men through ages. It is the system that shelter all of us from the impact of crimes and vices. To take the gnard of these sacred buildings of law and order he should according to reason and legal morality there is no scope for humanistic liberal attitude in it. 


 

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